References
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- Bode L., Vraga E. T. (2018). Studying politics across media. Political Communication, 35(1), 1–7.
- Chirimbu, S. M. (2012). Tolerance and Intolerance. Contemporary Attitudes within the Religious, Racial, National, and Political Sphere. Perichoresis, 10(1), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.2307/3235269
- Crawford, J. T., & Pilanski, J. M. (2014). The differential effects of rightâ€wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on political intolerance. Political Psychology, 35(4), 557-576. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43783800
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- De Choudhury, M., Gamon, M., Counts, S., & Horvitz, E. (2013). Predicting depressionvia social media. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v7i1.14432
- Dixon, T. L., & Linz, D. (2000). Race and the Misrepresentation of Victimization on Local Television News. Communication Research, 27(5), 547-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936500002700500
- Esses, V. M., Veenvliet, S., Hodson, G., & Mihic, L. (2008). Justice, morality, and the dehumanization of refugees. Social Justice Research, 21(4), 4-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-007-0058-4
- Gerber, A. S., Huber, G. A., Doherty, D., Dowling, C. M., & Ha, S. E. (2010). Personality and political attitudes: Relationships across issue domains and political contexts. American Political Science Review, 104(1), 111-133. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27798542
- Halpern, D., & Gibbs, J. (2013). Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation? Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression. Computers in human behavior, 29(3), 1159-1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.008
- Heyd, D. (2008). Is toleration a political virtue?. NOMOS: Am. Soc'y Pol. Legal Phil., 48, 171.
- Lelkes Y. (2016). Mass polarization: Manifestations and measurements. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 392–410. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw005
- Merolla, Jennifer and Zechmeister, Elizabeth (2009) Democracy at Risk: How Terrorist Threats Affect the Public. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press,
- Noonari, H. B., Fatima, S. A., & Ahmedani, M. M. (2021). Social Media and Democracy: Facebook as a Tool for the Establishment of Democracy in Pakistan. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2(2), 155-174.
- Oskarsson, S., & Widmalm, S. (2016). Personality and political tolerance: Evidence from India and Pakistan. Political Studies, 64(1), 235-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12169
- Palit, P. S. (2023). 3 Digital Space and Religious Intolerance in South Asia. Global India: The Pursuit of Influence and Status.
- Pang, T. Y., Lee, T. K., & Murshed, M. (2023). Towards a New Paradigm for Digital Health Training and Education in Australia: Exploring the Implication of the Fifth Industrial Revolution. Applied Sciences, 13(11), 6854. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116854
- Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta- analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
- Rathnayake, C., & Winter, J. S. (2017). Examining the link between social media uses and gratifications, and political tolerance and dogmatism. Policy & Internet, 9(4), 444-466. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.157
- Ribot, J. C., & Peluso, N. L. (2003). A Theory of Access. Rural Sociology 68(2), 153-181.
- Settle J. E. (2018). Frenemies: How social media polarizes America. Cambridge University Press.
- Smith, A., & Colton, S. (2022). The@ artbhot text-to-image twitter bot. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Creativity.
- Srinivasan, M., & Barclay, F. P. (2021). Social Media Exposure and Religious Intolerance. Social Media in India: Regulatory Needs, Issues and Challenges, 121.
- Stephan, W. G., & Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In D. Mackie & E. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions (191-207). Psychology Pres. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303117.ch5
- Stroud N. J., & Curry A. (2015). The polarizing effects of partisan and mainstream news. In Thurber J. A., Yoshinaka A. (Eds.), American gridlock: The sources, character, and impact of political polarization (pp. 337–354). Cambridge University Press
- Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., & Marcus, G. E. (1979). An alternative conceptualization of political tolerance: Illusory increases 1950s– 1970s. American Political Science Review, 73(3), 781-794. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955404
- Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., & Marcus, G. E. (1993). Political tolerance and American democracy. University of Chicago Press.
- Van Aelst P., Strömbäck J., Aalberg T., Esser F., de Vreese C. H., Matthes J., & Stanyer J. (2017). Political communication in a high- choice media environment: A challenge for democracy? Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551
- Verkuyten, M., & Yogeeswaran, K. (2017). The Social Psychology of Intergroup Toleration: A Roadmap for Theory and Research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(1), 72-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316640974
- VujÄić, V. (1993). PolitiÄke slobode i politiÄka tolerancija (pojam i istraživanja). PolitiÄka misao:Äasopis za politologiju, 30(3), 36-54. https://hrcak.srce.hr/111403
- Yang, X., Chen, B., Maity, M., & Ferrara, E. (2016). Social politics: Agenda-setting and political communication on social media. In E. Spiro & Y.-Y. Ahn (Eds.), Social informatics: 8th International Conference, SocInfo 2016 (330–344). Cham: Springer. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1346589
- Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W., Bumpus, J. P., Chen, H., Hunzaker, M. F., & Volfovsky, A. (2018). Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(37), 9216-9221. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804840115
- Bode L., Vraga E. T. (2018). Studying politics across media. Political Communication, 35(1), 1–7.
- Chirimbu, S. M. (2012). Tolerance and Intolerance. Contemporary Attitudes within the Religious, Racial, National, and Political Sphere. Perichoresis, 10(1), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.2307/3235269
- Crawford, J. T., & Pilanski, J. M. (2014). The differential effects of rightâ€wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on political intolerance. Political Psychology, 35(4), 557-576. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43783800
- Dahl I, Newkirk C. (2010). Understanding news literacy: A youth media perspective. Youth Media Reporter. 4, 48–50.
- De Choudhury, M., Gamon, M., Counts, S., & Horvitz, E. (2013). Predicting depressionvia social media. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v7i1.14432
- Dixon, T. L., & Linz, D. (2000). Race and the Misrepresentation of Victimization on Local Television News. Communication Research, 27(5), 547-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936500002700500
- Esses, V. M., Veenvliet, S., Hodson, G., & Mihic, L. (2008). Justice, morality, and the dehumanization of refugees. Social Justice Research, 21(4), 4-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-007-0058-4
- Gerber, A. S., Huber, G. A., Doherty, D., Dowling, C. M., & Ha, S. E. (2010). Personality and political attitudes: Relationships across issue domains and political contexts. American Political Science Review, 104(1), 111-133. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27798542
- Halpern, D., & Gibbs, J. (2013). Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation? Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression. Computers in human behavior, 29(3), 1159-1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.008
- Heyd, D. (2008). Is toleration a political virtue?. NOMOS: Am. Soc'y Pol. Legal Phil., 48, 171.
- Lelkes Y. (2016). Mass polarization: Manifestations and measurements. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 392–410. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw005
- Merolla, Jennifer and Zechmeister, Elizabeth (2009) Democracy at Risk: How Terrorist Threats Affect the Public. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press,
- Noonari, H. B., Fatima, S. A., & Ahmedani, M. M. (2021). Social Media and Democracy: Facebook as a Tool for the Establishment of Democracy in Pakistan. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2(2), 155-174.
- Oskarsson, S., & Widmalm, S. (2016). Personality and political tolerance: Evidence from India and Pakistan. Political Studies, 64(1), 235-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12169
- Palit, P. S. (2023). 3 Digital Space and Religious Intolerance in South Asia. Global India: The Pursuit of Influence and Status.
- Pang, T. Y., Lee, T. K., & Murshed, M. (2023). Towards a New Paradigm for Digital Health Training and Education in Australia: Exploring the Implication of the Fifth Industrial Revolution. Applied Sciences, 13(11), 6854. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116854
- Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta- analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
- Rathnayake, C., & Winter, J. S. (2017). Examining the link between social media uses and gratifications, and political tolerance and dogmatism. Policy & Internet, 9(4), 444-466. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.157
- Ribot, J. C., & Peluso, N. L. (2003). A Theory of Access. Rural Sociology 68(2), 153-181.
- Settle J. E. (2018). Frenemies: How social media polarizes America. Cambridge University Press.
- Smith, A., & Colton, S. (2022). The@ artbhot text-to-image twitter bot. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Creativity.
- Srinivasan, M., & Barclay, F. P. (2021). Social Media Exposure and Religious Intolerance. Social Media in India: Regulatory Needs, Issues and Challenges, 121.
- Stephan, W. G., & Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In D. Mackie & E. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions (191-207). Psychology Pres. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303117.ch5
- Stroud N. J., & Curry A. (2015). The polarizing effects of partisan and mainstream news. In Thurber J. A., Yoshinaka A. (Eds.), American gridlock: The sources, character, and impact of political polarization (pp. 337–354). Cambridge University Press
- Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., & Marcus, G. E. (1979). An alternative conceptualization of political tolerance: Illusory increases 1950s– 1970s. American Political Science Review, 73(3), 781-794. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955404
- Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., & Marcus, G. E. (1993). Political tolerance and American democracy. University of Chicago Press.
- Van Aelst P., Strömbäck J., Aalberg T., Esser F., de Vreese C. H., Matthes J., & Stanyer J. (2017). Political communication in a high- choice media environment: A challenge for democracy? Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551
- Verkuyten, M., & Yogeeswaran, K. (2017). The Social Psychology of Intergroup Toleration: A Roadmap for Theory and Research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(1), 72-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316640974
- VujÄić, V. (1993). PolitiÄke slobode i politiÄka tolerancija (pojam i istraživanja). PolitiÄka misao:Äasopis za politologiju, 30(3), 36-54. https://hrcak.srce.hr/111403
- Yang, X., Chen, B., Maity, M., & Ferrara, E. (2016). Social politics: Agenda-setting and political communication on social media. In E. Spiro & Y.-Y. Ahn (Eds.), Social informatics: 8th International Conference, SocInfo 2016 (330–344). Cham: Springer. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1346589
Cite this article
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APA : Mehran, K. A., & Iqbal, M. Z. (2023). Use of Social Media and Construction of Political Intolerance: Analyzing the Effects of Twitter (X) and Facebook. Global Political Review, VIII(IV), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2023(VIII-IV).02
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CHICAGO : Mehran, Khurram Ali, and Mohammed Zafar Iqbal. 2023. "Use of Social Media and Construction of Political Intolerance: Analyzing the Effects of Twitter (X) and Facebook." Global Political Review, VIII (IV): 12-21 doi: 10.31703/gpr.2023(VIII-IV).02
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HARVARD : MEHRAN, K. A. & IQBAL, M. Z. 2023. Use of Social Media and Construction of Political Intolerance: Analyzing the Effects of Twitter (X) and Facebook. Global Political Review, VIII, 12-21.
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MHRA : Mehran, Khurram Ali, and Mohammed Zafar Iqbal. 2023. "Use of Social Media and Construction of Political Intolerance: Analyzing the Effects of Twitter (X) and Facebook." Global Political Review, VIII: 12-21
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MLA : Mehran, Khurram Ali, and Mohammed Zafar Iqbal. "Use of Social Media and Construction of Political Intolerance: Analyzing the Effects of Twitter (X) and Facebook." Global Political Review, VIII.IV (2023): 12-21 Print.
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OXFORD : Mehran, Khurram Ali and Iqbal, Mohammed Zafar (2023), "Use of Social Media and Construction of Political Intolerance: Analyzing the Effects of Twitter (X) and Facebook", Global Political Review, VIII (IV), 12-21
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TURABIAN : Mehran, Khurram Ali, and Mohammed Zafar Iqbal. "Use of Social Media and Construction of Political Intolerance: Analyzing the Effects of Twitter (X) and Facebook." Global Political Review VIII, no. IV (2023): 12-21. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2023(VIII-IV).02