POLITICAL ARENA IN PAKISTAN AND OBJECTIVITY OF URDU PRINT MEDIA A STUDY OF PANAMA ISSUE

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(V-IV).03      10.31703/gpr.2020(V-IV).03      Published : Dec 2020
Authored by : Irem Sultana , Hamid Yaseen Ahmed , Rao Shahid Mahmood Khan

03 Pages : 21-29

    Abstrict

    This research paper examined the scenario of objectivity in Pakistani print media keeping in view the reportage of Panama issue in leading Urdu Dailies. The study investigated the situation whether the Urdu print media remained objective, unbiased, and non-judgmental during reportage of the big corruption scandal of the history of the political arena in Pakistan. The paper assessed the position of factual and non-factual reportage rate in three big Urdu Dailies. The study might be help full to understand the scenario of reportage on big venality issues in Urdu Print World. The results presented the outlines behind the picture of alteration in facts and framed news coverage. The study is concluded with the indications of policy change on news reportage. The applying position of ethical grounds of news coverage of Panama Issue also remained questionable. The study is the outcome of content analysis and in-depth interviews of senior communication experts.

    Keywords

    Objectivity, Non-Judgmental, Political Arena, Urdu Dailies, Venality Issues, Unbiased, Political Arena.

    Introduction

    The Media’s role for enlightening the populace about occurring in society always remained substantial, but media has to act this role objectively, accurately and reliably; otherwise the information can harm the baseline of the society. The social decisions might be on the basses of reliable information and facts and figures provided by media or official sources. Sometimes the media might be the basic source of data, so the biased content harms the reliability and social planning. It was explained as, “Media is the primary source of information in a democracy. Accurate and reliable information is the basis of a democratic process” by Radojkovic & Miletic (2006). Lombardo (2017) also clarified the position of media with the words, “Media can inspire society by several roles. Delivering information to society is one of the prime responsibilities of the media. Society depends on media, as media deliver facts and figures so that society could take decisions according to that”.

    The “Truth” is a universal reality. There is not a single religion, community or society which oppose or instruct versus the Truth. For finding out the truths always remained a demand for media from society. The populace expected that media personals must act as a watchdog of the community for searching the “Truths”. The favouritism of media owners or personals urge to modify the media content, harm realities and destroy societal values and norms. Renowned social scholar Nadrljanski & Buzasi (2011) characterize this sensation with the words, “Ethical issues related to the role of media in influencing antisocial behavior include all three functions of mass media: news program, entertainment and advertising. To consider the information ethics issue means to stick only to the aspects related to the function that is given to journalists.”

    The print media (newspapers, journals, magazines) were mainly considered journalism for many decades. The journalists and journalism had been considered as a noble and respected work in its spirit and consequence. The word “journalism” has been originated from “journal” which has been meant as “daily writing material which can be in any language and would be on any issue, phenomena or routine life”. The word “journal” indicates the positive meanings in its wisdom. The Cambridge dictionary identifies the journal as, “a written record of what you have done each day, something including your private thoughts and feelings”. The dictionaries also present the word “journal” with the sense of diary writing. At the time of initiation of journalism, the word “journal” was used for magazines and newspapers only. The personals work to arrange or provide written material for journal had been called as Journalists. Later the profession of arranging and providing written material for magazines and newspapers had been called as Journalism.

    The objectivity (factual news items) and subjectivity (statement news items) in reportage always remain a big question for the reliability of news outlets. It’s not only the issue news pattern but also the credibility of news and news outlets too. The archetype of news reportage itself explains the positivity and negativity. McCombs & Shaw (1972) had been investigated the phenomenon in their study about framing as well as agenda-setting and elucidated the situation as, “agenda of media outlet may be captured by its style of reportage on issues of communal interest as some periods expend. It is very important for the objective news coverage that media persons have to be unbiased, impartial, neutral and honest to collect facts and not to become a propagate tool”. Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists has been provided code of conduct for journalists and defines objectivity for the journalist as “honesty while collecting the material for news stories” clearly.

    It was observed that media outlets commonly focused on statements and neglected the fact base news stories. Even during reporting on big issues, the media outlets had not been focusing on facts but statements of different sides. The same was seen during the news coverage of the Panama issue, a big corruption scandal of Pakistan’s political history. The situation had been shown the Panama Issue as a game-changer spectacle for the political arena of Pakistani ruling corridors. It was explained in these words, “Panama issue prevailed only to change the game set up. Country’s social setup and public opinion changed in the context of Panama reportage and media is the key player of all this activity. The all the game was played in the context of media. The players of the game are still behind the scene, but the time will open these hidden faces. It is very clear that Pakistani media used as propagate tool and neglect the objectivity element, there was very small scale factual news on the Panama issue all around” (S. I. Naz, personal communication, October 21, 2018).

    Literature Review

    Arshad & Ashraf (2016) says that “The importance of media to informing the people is recognized worldwide and society rallies on media much more, but the objectivity of media is the basic need and demand by the society”. They further clarified as, “in this regard, keep in consideration that media has a vital role in collecting data, editing and transcribing the information in a story and present this information to masses. They also presented a view about the ethical presentation of media. The hidden interests of media owners and policymakers of the outlets damage the abilities journalists and credibility of media content. This all altered the objectivity of news stories. Their study also presents an eye view on the issue as often. It seems that media is used as a propaganda tool during Panama like issues. The history shows that media outlets were used to propagate the matters and conflicts with hidden agendas”. 

    Sidra (2015) stated as, “the current Pakistani media landscape reflects a multi-linguistic, multi-ethnic and class-divided society. There is a clear divide between Urdu, the national language, and English, official language, media. The Urdu media, particularly the TV channels and newspapers, are widely viewed and read by the masses—both in urban and rural areas. However, the English media is urban and elite-centric. English print, television and radio channels have far smaller audiences than their Urdu counterparts, but have greater leverage among opinion-makers, politicians, the business community and the upper strata of society”. She further explained the situation as “Before 2002, Pakistan’s electronic media was under heavy control of the government. And new developments in electronic media in Pakistan started in 2002 with the promulgation of the Freedom of Information Ordinance of 2002 and the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) ordinance of 2002. The freedom of information ordinance contains positive features acknowledging citizens’ right to know. To bring its vision of liberalized media in the country, the military government of Pervez Musharraf, promulgated PEMRA Ordinance in 2002 to establish Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority. The mandate of PEMRA is to improve the standards of information, education and entertainment, and to enlarge the choice available to the people of Pakistan Including news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art and culture as well as science and technology. To meet this mandate the ordinance provided to open up broadcasting media for the private sector. In addition, it contains provisions to regulate the operations of all the broadcasters and cable television stations established under this ordinance”. 

    Firoozi, Mostafaye & Khaledian (2014) presented a picture about the role of media as, “media, rather it is print or electronic, as an information provider and a watchdog is the important part of the society. Media has different functions and many roles and affects society in many aspects. Media affects the social, cultural, economic, and political structure of society and guides the communities positively and negatively. Media has an important role in socio-economic development and building values of the nations”. They also elaborated it with the words, “although, electronic media role has been increased in various fields such as political awareness, culture transformation, strategic multi and bi-literal relations of countries and increased in the participation of civic roles still the print media role could not be denied as it is premier media and influence the policies of the nation. Print media still the very vibrant medium of the literate class who leads the society and turn it positively or negatively. Not only electronic but the print media has been grown time by time with the use of technology, especially the digital version of printed newspapers has become a vibrant aspect of the expansion of media not only in Pakistan but also around the world”.

    Sadaf (2011) stated as, “the phenomenon of framed media content and asked that it has become a reality that the media influences and shapes public opinion as the Media professionals frame the issues and apply the gatekeeping process on the common content and information that become food for thought for a common man. Media content force and attract the people to think with that way which media suggest. It can be said in other words, that media content work like a propagate tool. Media contents pinch the audience to think about that way which media outlet suggest by its content. It is clearly shown that, if the adopted content of media personals is in a positive way that leads the society for betterment but in another negative hand content of media can harm the society very much”. It is further explained as, “public perception is basically a term used or processed when people think about certain events, issues, situation or any particular belief or ideas in the form of knowledge, patterns of culture or any other activity which they have performed or experienced”.

    Jan (2009) stated that “the information always be framed due to some hidden motives and agendas behind the sphere. Media outlets spread framed information with set agendas. The outlined information always smidgin the populace like a needle and hit the target audience at large. Ward (2011) elaborated the “agenda-setting phenomena that media is used as a bullet tool to modify the public opinion when presented mounted information. Media could not only ask the people what they have to think but same time media told them that on what about they have to bethink and often issues are highlighted by media would take more importance in public”.

    Methodology

    The purpose of the study was to assess the picture rather the Pakistani Print Media works objectively or not. The study also examines the judgmental news item’s rate on news pages of Pakistani Urdu newspapers. In this study, quantitative content analysis (Berelson, Bernard,1952) and qualitative in-depth interviews (Jhon T. Chirban, 1996) techniques were employed to confirm the hypotheses and answer the research questions. To gauge the objectivity elements in reportage researcher analyzed the content of Panama related news items of Daily Jang, Daily Express and Daily Dunya, during the period of 482 days from April 5, 2016; when the Panama papers issue firstly reported till July 29, 2017; when the Supreme court decided Panama case and declared the Prime Minister of Pakistan disqualified for public representation and holding any public office. The basic purpose of the content analysis and in-depth interviews was to congregate the estimation about objectivity, impartiality and factual reportage ratio in newspapers.

    The coding sheet was used to collect the data. First of all; the content categories were established as, 1st – “Positive news – a news story with the collective aspect of Panama issue”, 2nd – “Negative news – a news story which is ignoring the collective aspects and individually focused on personalities or parties” and 3rd – “Neutral news – a news story have both aspects collective issue of Panama papers and also hitting individuals or parties. The in-depth interviews of the senior media professionals and communication experts were also conducted. The coding sheet for quantitative content analysis and questions asked in in-depth interviews a were composed with the factors, objectivity in news reportage, coverage style and the ratio of the factual and the judgmental news on Panama issue in Urdu Dailies of Pakistan. The researcher conducted interviews with senior communication experts to identify the phenomenon with the statements of the experts. The senior journalist and Chairman PEMRA, Absar Aalam; President Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists (PFUJ), Afzal Butt; senior journalist and Former Secretary-General PFUJ, Shamsul Islam Naz; Former President of “National Press Club Islamabad (NPC)”, Shaher Yar Khan; Senior Journalist of Islamabad and President Journalists for Democracy and Human Rights (JDHR) Shafqat Munir; Executive Director (JDHR) and communication expert Khalid Jamil; Former Secretary-General PFUJ C.R. Shamsi; Former Secretary-General PFUJ Fauzia Shahid; Senior Journalist and PhD scholar Arshad Ali; Senior Journalist from KPK and Communication expert Abdur Rauf Yousafzai; Senior journalist of Islamabad Aslam Dogar; Joint Secretary of  NPC Fauzia Kalsoom Rana had been interviewed for qualitatively inspecting the issue under study.

    Results and Discussion

    The results are clearly presenting the scenario that Pakistani Urdu Print Media remained judgmental, subjective and non-objective, especially during reportage of Panama Issue. It was also demonstrated that Urdu Print World ignored the factual news stories, depends on statements and made a collective issue towards an individually focused matter that damaged the issue itself and credibility of Pakistani media too. 

    The scenario of Panama issue reportage presented a view of lethargic, languorous and indolent newsgathering abilities of Urdu Dailies. According to data Urdu Dailies published only 4% news stories based on facts but depends 96% on statements. There is a huge difference between factual and judgmental news items. The factual news was only 1705 in number out of 41175 and statements are 39470 in number. There is a huge representation of daily Jang in figures of factual news items. The scenario presented alarming situation regarding reporting abilities of Urdu print world in Pakistan. 

    The reportage style of Pakistani Urdu dailies did not match with international standards and code of ethics introduced by professional bodies was also not found reportage of Panama Issue in media. Especially Urdu Dailies neglected all standards and focused just some individuals on pointing out their culpabilities but neglect their own standards. The high rate of non-factual news items clearly showed the non-objective behavior of Pakistani media, especially Urdu print world. The quantitative data published in Urdu dailies, as well as opinion of communication experts, clearly rejected the objectivity standards in reportage of Panama Issue in Urdu Dailies.  

    Table 1. Factual Stories & Statements on “Panama Issue” in Urdu Newspapers 

    Newspapers

    Panama issue Stories

    Factual Stories

    %age of Factual Stories

    Statements

    %age of Statements

    Daily Dunya

    14252

    498

    3

    13754

    97

    Daily Express

    14507

    196

    1

    14311

    99

    Daily Jang

    12416

    1011

    8

    11405

    92

    Total

    41175

    1705

    4

    39470

    96

    The results also presented a languorous, torpid and stagnant newsgathering aptitude; indolent and somewhat evenhanded newsgathering capacities and abilities of Urdu Dailies. Although the overall factual news ratio was four percent, Daily Express had only one, and Daily Duniya had only three percent ratio of factual news stories which presented a much lower rate of objectivity aspect in news pages of Urdu Dailies but statements all around, even during the reportage of big corruption scandals like Panama issue. The dependency of media outlets upon statements to publish as news items at large, presenting a view that they had no capable reporting team to be cover this type of issue. 

    The data showed another apathetic aspect of news coverage during Panama issue reportage. There was no continuity of publishing factual news items but in statements; even daily express did not publish factual news stories for months but presented statements continuously. Data shows a view that daily Jang published a handsome number of factual news continuously, although it is not a big number as compare to statements but good in number as compare to other papers. The data also presented another picture which indicates towards unenergetic and non-skilled newsgathering squad of Urdu dailies in Pakistan. The neglected aspect of ethical standards in reportage also hit the credibility of media outlets and media owners too. The situation showed another perspective that there is a lack of professionals in these media outlets which may compete the ethical standards during the coverage of Panama like big corruption scandal. The detailed view about the coverage of Panama Issue also supported this position.

    Table 2. Reportage of “Panama Issue” in Daily Dunya

    Month/ Year

    Total News

    Panama issue News

    Factual News

    %age of Factual News on Panama Items

    Statements

    %age of Statements on Panama issue

    Apr-16

    2247

    1231

    53

    4

    1178

    96

    May-16

    2198

    1129

    46

    4

    1083

    96

    Jun-16

    2104

    926

    56

    6

    870

    94

    Jul-16

    2007

    897

    25

    3

    872

    97

    Aug-16

    1992

    881

    31

    4

    850

    96

    Sep-16

    2204

    721

    26

    4

    695

    96

    Oct-16

    1921

    698

    41

    6

    657

    94

    Nov-16

    1886

    928

    16

    2

    912

    98

    Dec-16

    2117

    792

    22

    3

    770

    97

    Jan-17

    2403

    759

    16

    2

    743

    98

    Feb-17

    2291

    824

    17

    2

    807

    98

    Mar-17

    2127

    739

    37

    5

    702

    95

    Apr-17

    2081

    1054

    16

    2

    1038

    98

    May-17

    1997

    871

    13

    1

    858

    99

    Jun-17

    2007

    721

    30

    4

    691

    96

    Jul-17

    1927

    1081

    53

    5

    1028

    95

    Total

    33509

    14252

    498

    3

    13754

    97

     

    Table 3. Reportage of “Panama Issue” in Daily Express

    Month / Year

    Total News

    Panama issue News

    Factual News

    %age of Factual News on Panama Items

    Statements

    %age of Statements on Panama issue

    Apr-16

    1951

    1109

    30

    3

    1079

    97

    May-16

    1927

    1341

    12

    1

    1329

    99

    Jun-16

    1479

    771

    52

    7

    719

    93

    Jul-16

    1893

    1249

    12

    1

    1237

    99

    Aug-16

    1718

    943

    23

    2

    920

    98

    Sep-16

    1843

    824

    19

    2

    805

    98

    Oct-16

    1424

    719

    10

    1

    709

    99

    Nov-16

    1321

    842

    12

    1

    830

    99

    Dec-16

    1647

    1049

    7

    1

    1042

    99

    Jan-17

    1819

    759

    2

    0

    757

    100

    Feb-17

    1727

    729

    0

    0

    729

    100

    Mar-17

    1749

    839

    0

    0

    839

    100

    Apr-17

    1619

    1054

    3

    0

    1051

    100

    May-17

    1523

    871

    0

    0

    871

    100

    Jun-17

    1249

    627

    0

    0

    627

    100

    Jul-17

    1294

    781

    14

    2

    767

    98

    Total

    26183

    14507

    196

    1

    14311

    99

     

    Table 4. Reportage of “Panama Issue” in Daily Jang

    Month / Year

    Total News

    Panama issue News

    Factual News

    %age of Factual News on Panama Items

    Statements

    %age of Statements on Panama issue

    Apr-16

    2261

    1167

    132

    11

    1035

    89

    May-16

    2189

    1156

    65

    6

    1091

    94

    Jun-16

    2098

    876

    63

    7

    813

    93

    Jul-16

    1872

    941

    47

    5

    894

    95

    Aug-16

    2095

    738

    73

    10

    665

    90

    Sep-16

    1986

    617

    70

    11

    547

    89

    Oct-16

    1891

    519

    46

    9

    473

    91

    Nov-16

    2019

    742

    48

    6

    694

    94

    Dec-16

    2271

    849

    46

    5

    803

    95

    Jan-17

    2073

    579

    38

    7

    541

    93

    Feb-17

    1767

    629

    34

    5

    595

    95

    Mar-17

    1861

    739

    41

    6

    698

    94

    Apr-17

    1916

    657

    93

    14

    564

    86

    May-17

    1429

    571

    40

    7

    53

    9

    Jun-17

    1472

    627

    46

    7

    581

    93

    Jul-17

    2012

    1009

    129

    13

    880

    87

    Total

    31212

    12416

    1011

    8

    11405

    92

    The data showed the ignorant behavior of media outlets regarding factual news publishing. The continuity in publishing statements but ignoring the factual news was showing the laziness and slackened approach of media representatives, especially associated with the Urdu print world.  

    The senior communication experts and media professionals also ratified the results of content analysis. The interviewees were agreed that “Pakistani media didn’t present the Panama issue objectively. They added that the way the issue was reported, analyzed in the media from all angles; it was neither fair nor accurate; rather, it was portrayed with a set agenda and ulterior motives. Unfortunately, by and large, Pakistani media did not adhere ethics of unbiased reporting and prefer to portrayed Panama issue in ridicule way, unjust, hatred based and in a judgmental manner”. 

    The communication experts stated upon the question about objectivity as that, “Pakistani media was not objective during reportage of Panama Issue and media could have been objective.” A media expert answered in detail and articulated as, “it’s very clear, the way the issue was reported, analyzed in the media from all angles it was neither fair nor accurate rather it was portrayed with a set agenda and ulterior motives.  Unfortunately, by and large, Pakistani media do not adhere to the ethics of unbiased reporting and prefer to portrayed issues is a ridicule, unjust, hatred and judgmental manner”. The journalists and experts criticized the role of media during Panama reportage, one of them replied upon the question of objectivity in media coverage of Panama Issue, with these words, “No, not at all, it was totally subjective journalism when it comes to Urdu media outlets”. 

    Experts notion about the right way of coverage and disparaged the style of reportage. They mentioned the scenario as, “It’s clear, Pakistani media included judgments in news items on Panama issue, and this practice might not be called ethical. Negatively portrayal is also another aspect”. Furthermore, as “there was no objectivity whatsoever in the presentation of news. Well before the court verdict all the big anchors and columnists had already declared Nawaz Sharif the most corrupt person on the planet”. The decision about the corruption and responsible for this mall practices would be decided in court, but the media clearly declared the Premier of Pakistan as involved in the corruption before the court verdict. This situation and pros and cons presented a picture that the media has been feeding upon the issue, and it had no independent expression. 

    The communique specialists commented with a positive view about the early days of the issue but presented the entire scenario with negative observation as, “initially for a very short span of time, Pakistani media seemed objective when it published the leaks though with some colouring while naming only noted politicians. But later on, it was acutely divided and turned judgmental. In fact, Panama leaks turned to be one of the biggest causes of biased and judgmental media reporting”. Another expert observed the situation as, “it’s very clear, by presenting a collective issue, Pakistani media did not remain objective. Judgments are also included in news stories or statements are also presented as news items. The issue of the negative portrayal of specified personalities was also another negative aspect”. Another expert commented as, “Pakistani media included that judgments in news items and many news items are just based on statements, all this can’t be called ethical for media”. 

    The reason behind the non-objective behavior of Pakistani media seemed like ulterior motives which were pointed out by the experts clearly. Another aspect behind the subjective reporting was found political affiliations of the media owners as well as media professionals. The notion of political or societal affiliation in reportage could also be considered a huge violation of ethical standards of reporting. Experts expressed about it as, “Unfortunately, the media is completely divided over matters of sensitive reporting. Now even a layman can observe that divide with a simple understanding of politics and political parties. It is a commonplace fact that all the political parties and other stakeholders have their own channels to campaign their agenda. Again, media remained biased, malicious, and contemptuous in reporting of Panama papers. It has been overplayed, keeping aside larger interests of the country”. Further another expert answered upon the issue as, “Pakistani media did not present Panama issue objectively, there are a large number of judgments and statements were included, and the facts were molded in someone’s favor and against someone. It seems that the reporting on the Panama Issue is done with the favoring political attitude. Every tried to show his/her political affiliation and support in favor or against the ruling party”. 

    Conclusion

    The study presented a clear picture that there are some loopholes in news gathering and report constructing of Pakistani Urdu print media. The picture also presented a view that there might be the poor capacity of media personals to present the issues objectively, which is an alarming and serious situation for the media industry at large and Urdu print world as special. Not attended at large on factual news stories instead of statements is also shown a non-objective, inert and worthless behavior of Urdu print media and unpracticed of code of ethics of media and biasness in news coverage on Panama like issues. The representation of issue on media is also remain meandering, and huge news coverage of issue put many questions in the minds of people, especially ignoring the collective news context becomes a big question mark on the objectivity of media and its credibility. The media experts consider the situation much harm for moral and democratic grounds of the society. 

References

  • Arshad, S. & Ashraf, B. N. (2016). Journalism Ethics: Evidence from Media Industry of Pakistan. Journal of information systems research and innovation 23(10), 64-87
  • Berelson, B. (1952). Content Analysis in Communication Research. New York.
  • Firoozi, H., Mostafaye, F., & Khaledian, M. (2014). The strategic role of the mass media in strengthening the discourse of the moderation and rationality. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences Online, 25, 26-32. doi:10.18052/
  • Jan, M. (2009). Globalization of media: Key issues and dimensions. European Journal of Scientific Research, 29(01), 66-75.
  • John, T. C. (1996). Interviewing in Depth: the interactive relational approach, SAGE publications.
  • Lombardo, J. (2017). Media Industry,
  • McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36,176-185.
  • Nadrljanski, M., & Buzasi, Z. (2011). New Media - Ethical Issues. Information Sciences and e-Society,
  • Radojkovic, & Miletic, M. (2006). Communication, Media and Society. NoviSad: Stylos
  • Sadaf, A. (2011). Public Perception of Media Role. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1 (5), 228-236
  • Sidra, A. (2015), Journalism Ethics: Evidence from Media Industry of Pakistan, unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
  • Ward, J.A., (2011), Ethics and The Media: And introduction, London: Cambridge University Press.

Cite this article

    APA : Sultana, I., Ahmed, H. Y., & Khan, R. S. M. (2020). Political Arena in Pakistan and Objectivity of Urdu Print Media: A Study of Panama Issue. Global Political Review, V(IV), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(V-IV).03
    CHICAGO : Sultana, Irem, Hamid Yaseen Ahmed, and Rao Shahid Mahmood Khan. 2020. "Political Arena in Pakistan and Objectivity of Urdu Print Media: A Study of Panama Issue." Global Political Review, V (IV): 21-29 doi: 10.31703/gpr.2020(V-IV).03
    HARVARD : SULTANA, I., AHMED, H. Y. & KHAN, R. S. M. 2020. Political Arena in Pakistan and Objectivity of Urdu Print Media: A Study of Panama Issue. Global Political Review, V, 21-29.
    MHRA : Sultana, Irem, Hamid Yaseen Ahmed, and Rao Shahid Mahmood Khan. 2020. "Political Arena in Pakistan and Objectivity of Urdu Print Media: A Study of Panama Issue." Global Political Review, V: 21-29
    MLA : Sultana, Irem, Hamid Yaseen Ahmed, and Rao Shahid Mahmood Khan. "Political Arena in Pakistan and Objectivity of Urdu Print Media: A Study of Panama Issue." Global Political Review, V.IV (2020): 21-29 Print.
    OXFORD : Sultana, Irem, Ahmed, Hamid Yaseen, and Khan, Rao Shahid Mahmood (2020), "Political Arena in Pakistan and Objectivity of Urdu Print Media: A Study of Panama Issue", Global Political Review, V (IV), 21-29
    TURABIAN : Sultana, Irem, Hamid Yaseen Ahmed, and Rao Shahid Mahmood Khan. "Political Arena in Pakistan and Objectivity of Urdu Print Media: A Study of Panama Issue." Global Political Review V, no. IV (2020): 21-29. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(V-IV).03